System of judging the plays in Ancient Athens Essay Example for Free

System of judging the plays in Ancient Athens EssayDo I think the system of judging the plays in Ancient Athens was a good one?In Athens, theatre was a very beta aspect, both of religion, and life for the Athenians. As it was a competition, every play would need a Judge. Or 10. Judging the plays was a very antiauthoritarian system, and one that I feel was very effective.To drive the judges, each tribe put names of citizens into a sealed urn. There were 10 tribes, each named after a mythic hero. They wereErechtheis This tribe was named after the eponymous hero Erechtheus who was an primeval King of Athens, he was killed by Poseidon.Aegeis Aegis was named after the hero Aegeus who was another early King of Athens, and the tiro of Theseus.Pandionis This tribe was named for the hero Pandion, who, once again, was an early King of Athens.Leontis Leontis was named after Leos, who was the son of Orpheus.Akamentis Named after Akamas who was the son of Theseus.Oineis Named aft er Oeneus, who was son of Dionysus.Kekropis Kekropis were named after the hero Kekrops who was another early King of Athens.Hippothontis Named for Hippothoon, who was a hero at Eleusis.Aiantis Aiantis was named after the great hero Aiax/Ajax who was a hero in the battle for Troy.Antiochis Named after Antiochos, son of Herakles.At the tooth root of the Festival of Dionysia, the urns were broken open, and a name selected at random from each. The 10 people whose names were drawn, would become the Judges. This was a very good way to choose in my opinion, as it eliminated bribery (unless you were extremely rich) and you could choose to vote for yourself, or others.On the 5th day of the festival, after all the Tragedies had finished, each Judge would make unnecessary down the names of the Playwrights in order of merit. The tablets were then placed in a sealed urn (again), and an Archon would draw out 5 of the 10 tablets. The Playwright with the some votes was declared the winner. T here would be a separate judging for Comedy.Overall, I think it was a fair, unbiased and very modern way of judging the plays. The democratic style of judging reflected on the Citys politicians, and was very clever, much like many other things accomplished by the Athenians.

How Chris McCandless Died Essay Example for Free

How Chris McCandless Died EssayKrakauers Into the Wild analyzes the whole story of Chris McCandless, a young fellow, who in 1992 strolled profound into the Alaskan wilderness and whose SOS none and withered soundbox were discovered four months after. Glob exclusivelyy top rated creator Jon Krakauer investigates the fixation which drives a few people to examine the outer furthest reaches of self, abandon hu homo attainment and look for illumination through isolation and contact with nature (Krakauer, Pp.160). Chris argued that The essential center of a mans living soul is his obsession for the enterprise. The interest of deportment originates from our experiences with new determines, and thus there is no more prominent bliss than to have an un obliterateingly evolving skyline, for every day to have another and divers(a) sun. (Chris McCandless). McCandless looked upon some literary figures that bowd the decision into leave behind everything that the parents provided and go on an adventure in dangerous Alaska. The literary heroes discussed below had a complete influence from the books they wrote that Chris read and hence getting motivated about the journey.Chris had a similar connection to social lion Tolstoy since Chris was an outstanding group of Old Russian Nobility. The connection with Leo was acquainted with Chris Life (Madjid, Pp.131). The connection they shared influenced Chris to admire Leo as his allegory. In spite of the fact that, He viewed Leos way of life, he additionally read books from Leo which influenced to admire what Leo had felt. For Example, a book composed by Leo Tolstoy called Anna Karenina, Leo expressed that Every single light-hearted family is similar each despondent family is troubled in its way.(Leo). Chris life can be associated with the character into the story since McCandless was additionally despondent with family because Chris folks had furnished with all that was needed it is the thing that made Chris is miserable inside family. The family had felt that giving everything fulfilled Chris desires however, concerning Chris view it didnt make a happy life. Amid Chris enterprise, he had gazed upwardly to many characters (Merkley, Pp.163). However, one that emerges the most was Leo Tolstoy this was on account of Chris had life and perspectives like Leo. Chris required motivation, from the saints and Leo Tolstoy turned into a most noteworthy legend all through McCandless trip. Tolstoy influenced Chris profoundly in the path of asceticism and seeking an alternative to middle-class living.Henry Thoreau was a notable figure in the American philosophical movement of Transcendentalism. This philosophy revolved around the possibility that the foolish congruity of the encompassing society was not sufficiently adequate in life (Harms, Pp.126). Undoubtedly an ideal approach to wind up plainly a visionary is to forfeit your living close by and frame a stable bond with the nature around you. Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer displayed Christopher McCandless, a man who was propelled by these early visionary figures, and before the finish of the trip, Chris is tantamount to Thoreau. McCandless discovered the the true in introspective philosophy. A visionary has solid convictions in evading human connections, realism and grasping mysticism. The primary thing Chris did was surrender family, the general population that was nearest. This was the initial phase of turning into a visionary since they trusted that human connections meddled with the capacity to associate with nature genuinely (Vera, Pp.52). Chris additionally turned out to be exceptionally irritable and ambiguous with the general population that came crosswise over as he bummed a ride, making a point to maintain a strategic distance from human connections. Chris once stated, You are incorrect if you think Joy radiates onlyfrom human connections. God has set everything around us, and you should simply go after it. (79). Chris had a d isposition that influenced it to appear as though clearly nature is the subordinate of happiness. Chris didnt have time for human connections just like Henry.Jack capital of the United Kingdom is King this was cut into a piece of wood found at the transport where Chris McCandless body was found. Chris McCandless appreciated Jack London as a man and an essayist (Brandt, Pp.189). Chris went into the wilds of Alaska to demonstrate that he could live off the land, with no advanced accommodations, and no human contact. Jack London composed stories about men and creatures encounter the earth, and survival against hardships, which were composed of his own life. His works included independence and the investigation of the laws of nature. Chris needed to investigate his own independence, his identity, and how he was to carry on with whatever is go away of his life. London, a communist, and drifter, lived and worked among poor people and lower classes and related to their predicament. He tr amped for a period, as did McCandless. McCandless, similar to London, searched out and related to minimizing individuals living on the social edges (Brandt, Pp.190). Chris design in life was to be unified with nature and investigate. He needed to find the world for himself. It didnt make a difference to him on the off chance that others viewed as foolish pursuing his fantasies made a difference more to him than taking into account others reactions. ANY MAN WHO WAS A MAN COULD spark ALONE. McCandless basically did not trust that there was have to rely on others to survive. For the duration of Chris life, he overlooked relations with family and declined to be too sincerely associated with anybody met on the journey to Alaska. McCandless blossomed with independence and ones capacity to make his own particular way. YOU CAN HARDLY WAIT FOR MOTIVATION YOU NEED TO FOLLOW IT WITH A CLUB. (Hanssen, Pp.195) As confirmation from the book, Chris ends up being an extremely willful and firecrac ker individual. Chris is certain beyond a shadow of a doubt of objectives and wont let anything block on them.ConclusionChris had a life philosophy that life is more of interaction with nature and sharing the happiness but not just the family relationships. McCandless demonstrates this veneration in one of the most recent days of his life when he composes a short farewell to the world I make believe HAD A HAPPY LIFE AND THANKED THE LORD. FAREWELL, AND MAY GOD BLESS ALL (199). In the last snapshots of McCandless life, he communicates actual inclination about the long diversion by lauding God alongside every other person in his life. This demonstrates profound regard to God for brave and satisfying life by axiom thanks to the sky (Krakauer, Pp.195). McCandless regularly discusses religion is putting trusts that God has taken a substantial part in making life so affect and in this manner feels thankful for it. Christopher McCandless takes the Transcendentalist way of life by diseng aging himself from society, living with just basics and following transcendentalist religion full-heartedly. Chris life decisions and philosophical thoughts are demo through the voyage to Alaska and take after the perfect Transcendentalist life to an adequate degree, which is the reason such a large number of Transcendent adherents alike and not-alike end up noticeably charmed by his character and his story in Krakauers Into the Wild.

Changes in UK Labour Productivity: Analysis

Changes in UK exertion Productivity AnalysisIntroductionThe Agents tally for capacity constraintsThe series of worsts inside the Agents Summary of Business Conditions, which is generated by 12 regional officies (Agencies), is a tool for Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to overlay the underlying motility in economic factors. The Agents in each region gather the information on economic conditions from their contacts, then judge what value to score subjectively. The scores are the simple way that Agents alter the intelligence they gathered before into a quantitative assessment of the thriftiness over time (Colin Ellis, Tim Pike, 2005). go into 1 Capacity Constraints Scores in Agents Summary of Business Conditions from Jan, 1998 to Sept, 2014 ( line Bank of England)Most of the scores are based on a comparison of new-fangled months with the uniform period a year earlier, however, there are some exceptions like employment intentions or capacity constraints, which are looking forward. The scores represent from -5 to +5 with -5 is denoted that rapidly decreasing level and +5 is rapidly growth. In this case, a positive score in Capacity Constraints means that companies face with a little or no pressure on capacity demand and vice versa. In the chart above, it stern be seen that there are both downward sloping periods between 2009 and 2013 when were the double-dip recession occurred in the UK. The trend also illustrates an improving progress within a year recently, with a approach of 0.6 points on both sectors.The UK productiveness puzzleProductivity experience in cross-country and historical viewsThe Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2007-2008 has ca utilize a significant damage to the economy of most developed countries in the world, including the UK. The decline in output has led to a considerable decline in labor productivity in the UK. prod productivity has been improving from 2013, still it still be less than its pre-crisis level of around 16% (see Figu re 2 below). This dearth can be referred as the UK productivity puzzle and it has took a great effort from economists in order to explain the situations, however, it has yet to be answered completely so far.Figure 2 The UK Labour Productivity (1998-2013). Sources Moneymovesmarket.comIt can be seen from figure 3 that a weaker performance in labour productivity during the latest recession than all previous post-war recessions. In all recessions before, the first top in productivity was usually short-lived and the productivity began to increase and regained its peak level after just only to the highest degree a year and a half.Figure 3 Productivity per person after UK recessions (Source Office for National Statistics)However, this latest episode did not see the same stories as its two previous. Between early 2009 and mid-2010, the productivity made a rise of of approximately one percent and continually levelled off and it did not rise further over the next year as both output and em ployment saw really slow recoveries.At the time of Q3/2011, the employment was rising sharply while the growth of GDP has shrinked (see Appendix), and then creating a renew decrease in labour productivity. As a result, the UK productivity still be underneath its pre-recession peak around 4 percent. One remarkable point is that the increasing employment and the weak labour productivity seem to be an odd social function to see among the GFC. If the business is expected to stay weak typical companies will shed labour to boost productivity up.The productivity weakness of the UK is also grotesque when comparing with some international stories for recent years. Despite their increasing growth before the GFC, it has been significantly weaker than some high-income countries economy. Looking at figure 4, it is easily seen that the UK productivity performance was consistent with that of other countries suggests that some common factors might be involved.Nevertheless, as mentioned above, t here has been a downward slope in UK productivity in mid-2011 which was not encountered to the same level elsewhere.The weak productivity of Germany is due to the unusual strong employment referred to the past. One additional point is that only Italy has the similar trend with the UK, showing the partake of GFC on their labour productivity.There are some reasons why these comparison might exaggerate the productivity puzzles size. bar inaccuracy could take account for a very small piece of productivity weakness. Moreover, expenditure on research and development (RD) is considered as a part of GDP, therefore GDP can be lifted by around 1.5% points. Another reason here is that the decrease in North Sea oil and blow output (see Appendix) slowed trend growth in labour productivity in this sector. In total, although the measurement issues can explain up to 4% point of the shortfall in productivity there are lots of things to research the remaining.Figure 4 Labour productivity per perso n across countries between 1999 and 2013Source Thomson Reuters Datastream, Eurostat and ONS circular explanations on productivity shortfallLower factor utilisation as a result of weak demand conditionsThe first hypothesis suggests that weakness in productivity is cyclical in nature, driven by weak demand conditions. Firms are unable or unwilling to shed labour or shut up of capital but sometimes, they are not as productive as they might take hold been. The difference between the lower utilisation level and to a greater extent than normal levels of capacity utilisation is called spare capacity within firms.The first reason for this hypothesis is that they need to keep business going by guardianship a stripped-down level of staffs, so-called overhead labour. Therefore, some firms might not shoot been able to cut employment below the minimum base, like the guards for the construction until it is sold, for example.Anothing reason should be remarked here is that companies believe the weak demand is temporary. In past experiences, companies made decisions to having fired workers in the early stages of the recession. Conversely, they set in motion it hard to find workers with the appropriate, firm-specific skills. Thus, they missed the opportunities to make a breakthrough on the market. Recently, companies might desire to hoard underutilised workers to avoid those lessons from the past. From 2007 to 2012, the proportion of reduced output companies but holding employment rose from about 20 percent than the pre-crisis period (see figure 5). It also suggests that these holding action of firms contributed to the decrease in productivity measured, shown by the diamonds in the chart.Figure 5 Proportion of reduced output firms but holding labour (from 2005-2012).Source ONS and Bank calculationsSpare capacity is measured in the business survey that provide a significant degree of idle capacity within companies in the initial stages of the crisis. However, this busine ss survey just uses the qualitative methods, thus it did not capture the amount of spare capacity in each firm. One additional thing is all answers are subjective so it can be changed over time. It might take no effect on the size of the UK productivity puzzle.Other cyclical factorsSome sectors had diverted the resources toward activities which is not immediately counted as output. Consequently, it cannot tribute to the total productivity. In contrast, there are some point which indicated that the cyclical hypothesis alone cannot fully explain the productivity puzzle.Effect of persistent factors on productivity puzzleTangible and intangible capital investment effects on the shortfallThe consequences of the GFC made the firms desire in investment in physical capital more sticky because the tighter credit conditions may lead to a high cost to obtain finance. The stagnated situation in this period also made investments become less efficient, causing directly the material deterioratio n in the capital stock of worker. Moreover, a considerable fall in real wages during the crisis (see Appendix) while the cost of capital went up have led the relative cost of labour to capital to be decreasing. Hence, it have provided a motivation to switch to use labor-intensive business and companies decided to increase the labour working hours. However, the production output did not go up due to the low demand conditions, therefore the productivity has been decreased.Firms also invest in intangible capital which include some types like intellectual quality rights or brand names, etc. One main point here is the strong relationship between two types of capital investment mentioned above. For example, the innovated implementation can be processed alongside the introduction of plants and machinery. However, RD expense is considered as the innovation input that means even though firms have invest a great amount of money but without new valuable output, which are some types of produc t or process innovation, there will be an inverse impact on the productivity. According to the data of the UK Innovation Survey, there has been a fall of about 30% in both product and process innovation among the crisis disdain an increasing trend in spending budget on RD (see figure ). These capital channels have explained a considerable proportion, about 3 to 4 percentage points, of the shortfall in the UK.Impaired resource allocation and the higher firm survivalFigure 6 Decomposition of the UK Labour Productivity (2004-2012).Source ONS and Bank calculations.Looking at the graph above, it is seen that there is a downward sloping trend in the contribution from reallocation, as a result of higher insolvencies or firing behavior (Riley et al, 2014), and its contribution decreased even further, becoming minor between 2010 and 2012. As mentioned above, uncertainty have made firms more cautious when investing and labour reallocation. Moreover, the financial system have played a role t o have impaired the movement of resources through two channels impaired capital allocation and higher firm survival.Broadbent (2012, 2013) declares that considerable changes in rates of return on capital across sectors might not be associated with the following(a) movements of capital stocks. In addition, Barnett et al (2014b) highlight an economic model with multiple firms and sectors to analyse that a high price dispersion might be used to explain the productivity loss with around 3 to 4 percentage point.According to Arrowsmith et al (2013), there has been a bank forbearance which provide the measures of support to firms struggling to meet its debt obligations. Although the direct impact have been a little at around one percentage point, the overall impact might have been greater because the widespread effect of the forbearance in the whole sector. Moreover, Arrowsmith et al (2013) indicated that the low level of Bank rate has supported to retain the borrowing cost for firms fai rly low. The unusually low rate of firm collapse is to have lowered labour productivity by up to 5 percentage points. family relationship between the labour productivity and monetary policy decisionThe outlook for inflation in the medium-term depends on the balance of demand and supply in the economy. In theory, if supply is greater than the goods and services that people demand, prices will tend to fall and vice versa. Hence, the MPC should make an assessment about up-to-date indicators and prediction in supply, as well as demand.In recessions, demand typically falls by more than supply. An output gap opens up the economy can supply more than is currently demanded. And unless that gap is closed, it will push down on costs and prices. But assessing the size of the output gap is very difficult, for exactly the reasons we have been discussing today. archeozoic estimates of economic activity can be revised substantially, so it is hard to know just how weak demand and output really ar e. And it is equally difficult to know the extent to which the supply potential of the economy has been affected by the recession.1 Page

Development Of Ecommerce In China Information Technology Essay

Development Of Ecommerce In importantland China Information Technology EssayE-commerce usually indicates that the traditional sales channel is go to the profit by the means of electronic techniques. E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the profits, especially the World Wide Web. (Coppel, 2000)With the development of e-commerce, the buyers and sellers lease various line of descent activities on the basis of the application of browser and server. E-commerce is a new type of commercial business model, which can achieve the consumer online obtain, transaction activities, financial activities and activities related to integrated services. However, e-commerce could break the national and regional barriers and make the enterprises realize globalization.E-commerce is a process that optimizes various activities continuously by adopting digital information applied science. E-commerce covers a wide range. Generally speaking, e-commerc e can be divided into ii forms, including Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer. Recently, new models of e-commerce are in a ontogenesis stage, including Consumer-to-Consumer, Business-to-Manager, Business-to-Marketing and Manager-to-Consumer. (Kohavi, 2001) With the increase of domestic profits users, online obtain and bank card pay consumption in Internet are becoming much popular. At the same sentence, securities industry share is rapidly maturation and e-commerce web sites become more and more. The most common security system of e-commerce has two types, including SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and SET (Secure Electronic Transaction).E-commerce is an evolving concept. IBM Corporation, as the pioneer of e-commerce, proposed the concept of Electronic concern E-commerce owns three stages in the whole development. The first-class honours degree stage is the electronic mail stage. This stage started from 1970s and the average communications capacity grew at the speed of several(prenominal) times every year. The second stage is the information announcement stage. Since 1995, the information promulgation system grew rapidly. Web technology is an obvious representation. At present, the information promulgation system becomes the important application technology of the Internet. The third stage is electronic commerce. Electronic commerce just developed in U.S.A. The ultimate objective of Internet is the commercial purpose, which is electronic commerce. (Yannis, 2001) From the three stages of e-commerce, it can be seen that the application of Internet plays a critical role in the development of e-commerce.2.1.2 Development of E-commerce in ChinaThe e-commerce in China began in 1997. If the e-commerce in U.S.A is business push model, e-commerce in China relies more on technology pull push. This is a bighearted contrariety between Chinese e-commerce and American e-commerce. In the U.S.A, the practice of e-commerce originated from the concept of e-com merce. The business demands of enterprises push the advancement of network and e-commerce technology, finally contributing to the formation of the concept of e-commerce.When the Internet age comes, the United States has owned a more advanced and developed e-commerce foundation.In China, the concept of e-commerce emerged earlier than the application and development of e-commerce. Torchbearer of e-commerce is IBM and other IT vendors. (Scott, 2006) The network and e-commerce technology requires continuously to pulling the business demands of enterprises, thereby causing the application and development of Chinese e-commerce.It is very important to know the difference and this is a major deliver of e-commerce development in China. Meanwhile, knowing the difference between Chinese e-commerce and American e-commerce is also a key to understand the development of Chinese e-commerce.In 1997 and 1998, the main body of Chinese e-commerce is the IT vendors and the media. The IT vendors and me dia implemented the elementary education concerning e-commerce. As a result, this could inspire and guide peoples understanding, interests and needs towards e-commerce.After this stage, in 1999 and 2000, the e-commerce service merchants that feature the websites became the first application under the involvement of venture capital. With the deepening application and development of e-commerce, the website e-commerce began to fall into the bottom. At the same time, enterprises, especially large- case traditional enterprises, started to enter e-commerce field. Since 2001, Chinese e-commerce entered the third stages. Since then, the enterprises e-commerce becomes a new subject in China.In recent years, Chinese e-commerce has the rapid development. In 2007, the total volume of national e-commerce transactions achieved RMB 2.17 cardinal yuan, increasing 90% than the past year. The online shipping in China also has a rapid development. By the end of June 2008, online obtain users reached 63.29 million subscribers and increased by 36.4% within six months. Till December 2008, the entire users of e-commerce websites have been covered from 90,000,000 to 98,000,000.(Gregory, 2008)2.1.3 Developed Stages of E-commerce in ChinaGenerally speaking, e-commerce in China can be divided into six stages. These six stages are starting stage, adjusting stage, resuscitating stage, rapid developing stage, upgrade stage and due date stage.Starting StageThis stage lasted from 1997 to 1999. The first scale of e-commerce websites were established within these three years in China. At that time, the concept of new Internet encouraged the first scale of business owners. These business owners purview the traditional business would reply on the Internet to communicate. (Angelov, 2001) Therefore, they believed that the e-commerce would have a large potential in the future. From 1997 to 1999, some famous e-commerce websites emerged. Of the current e-commerce websites, 5.2% were established i n 1990s.Adjusting StageThe adjusting stage lasted from 2000 to 2002. Under the background of Internet bubble, the development of e-commerce suffered large shock. Under this circumstance, the confidence of business owners experienced serious challenge. Within these three years, fewer business owners established new e-commerce websites.Resuscitating StageThe resuscitating stage lasted from 2003 to 2005. Since 2003, the e-commerce in China has resuscitated. However, parts of e-commerce websites were more careful to treat the profit model and reduce the transaction cost. According to the investigation by B2B questioning center, 30.1% of e-commerce websites were built from 2003 to 2005. During this period, the enterprise members who adopt the e-commerce enhanced increasingly.Rapid Developing StageThe rapid developing stage lasted from 2006 to 2007. The improvement of Internet environment and popularization of e-commerce in China brought large opportunities to the e-commerce. In this s tage, the members of various e-commerce platforms increased sharply. Most of B2B e-commerce websites realized the profits. The dream of IPO, good competition in the patience and investment emotion stimulates the e-commerce industry in China to enter in rapid development stage. (Kenneth, 2003) Within two years, the numbers of e-commerce websites increased largely. It is investigated that the e-commerce websites built in 2007 exceeded 30.3% of current websites.Upgrade StageThe upgrade stage lasted from 2008 to 2009. Between 2008 and 2009, global financial crisis influenced many industries. Under the guidance of expanding domestic demand and reducing the costs, B2B gained more development. However, C2C field made online users own more choice spaces. It is researched by B2B researching center that the e-commerce websites in this stage took up the 22.3% of current total quantities.matureness StageMaturity stage started since 2009. After 2009, e-commerce in China will meet new developmen t. With the economic development and technology development, e-commerce will deeply change the consumer behavior in future.2.2 Online Shopping2.2.1 Introduction of Online ShoppingOnline shopis the process that the consumers purchase the products by the Internet without any intermediary. In this situation, the consumers do not go to the shopping centers and cast much time. An online shop, e-shop, e-store, internet shop, web-shop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buyingproductsorservicesat abricks-and-mortarretaileror in ashopping mall. (Bigne, 2005) This process is known as Business-to-Consumer (B2C) online shopping. Business-to-Business (B2B) online shopping is organise when a business purchases from another business. Both B2C online shopping and B2B online shopping are the main forms of e-commerce.HistoryIn 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first World Wide Web server and browser. (Jarvenpaa, 2007) In 1991, the commercial use has been create d and was applied to the business. With the technological development, more improvement in Internet was adopted in the business. For example, online banking was opened and brought the convenience to the consumers. Pizza Hut opened an online pizza shop. In 1994, Netscape fetched in a secure system to keep open the online shopping, which is called SSL encryption of data transferred online. In 1995, e-Bay emerged in the online shopping. During the same year, Amazon enlarged the online shopping. Recently, Overstock has also become one of the worlds largest and reliable online shopping stores. (Davis, 2001) As a result, online shopping is in a continuous developing process.Web-shopThe emergence of web-shop appears with the development of online shopping. The web-shop refers to an online retailer. Web development, hosting and other activities related with web are known as web-shops. (Falk, 2005) The growth of online shopping is mostly because transportation costs went up and telecom cost s went down. (Chaudhury, 2001) Therefore, as time goes past, the Internet is a commonplace. Online shopping provides consumers with large ranges of selection and and so consumers could choose the goods and services with an optimal price. However, online shopping has the limitations that consumers can not see the actual goods what they want to buy. nightimes there are some differences between the pictures shown on the Internet and the goods consumers finally receive.CustomersOnline shopping is very popular in recent years. Online shopping usually caters to the middle and upper class. (Bucklin, 2002) The premise of online shopping is that one mustiness be access to a computer, a bank account and a debit card. Online shopping can not leave with the advanced technology. According to research which focused on the demographic characteristics of the in-home shopper, in general, the higher the level of education, income, and occupation of the head of the household, the more favorable the perception of non-store shopping. (Moe, 2003)Initially, the main target audience of online shopping was young men with a high level of income and education. In the process of social development, women became more independent in the value. Today, the online shopping was used by twain men and women in the middle class.2.2.2Advantages and Disadvantages of Online ShoppingNowadays as the rapid change of technology, e-commerce has developed fast. Unlike with the bricks and mortar retailing, online shopping has only virtual stores. ascribable to the development of e-commerce, online shopping has become a new business and gone to maturity. It is necessary for the grocery storeers to know the advantages and disadvantages of online shopping respectively.AdvantagesNo Space and Time Limittraditional retailing business is based on fixed locations and time. It is few that the stores could do business in the whole 24 hours. However, online shopping business is no time limit, operating 24 hours a day. Its time is decided by the online users who are consumers. Therefore, online shopping business has the advantage of the new space-time, which could be an even greater utmost on the wider internet to meet the needs of users and consumers. In addition, online sales can be carried out in the world with the internet, and there are no geographic barriers. In the face of the global market, without having to spend exorbitant costs of international marketing conditions, it may create an international brand, launching the least costs or services to the world. (Andy, 2004)Services of All-round Display of ProductFor the common daily use product, there are no advantages for e-commerce. But for other durable goods or complex and industrial goods, online shopping will be able to use on-line multi-media performance to display products appearance, performance and quality. Meanwhile, online shopping could determine the function of intragroup structure in order to help consumers fully under stand the goods or services, then buying it.Specific Information and Convenient ComparisonInternet provides comprehensive, specific, efficient and strong information and reliable low-cost. It is easy to use search technology and fast transmission of the process to make consumers acquire access to information simply.4) culmination Relationship with Consumers and a Better Understanding of ConsumersAs the Internets interactive communication, there is no outside interference somewhat expressing their feelings. It makes consumers to express more evaluation about product or service. This kind of the evaluation, on the one hand, let on-line retailers can be better understanding of the internal needs of internet consumers on the other hand, consumers interactive communication with online retailers could promote their close relationship.Cheaper ProductsAs the online shopping retailers are virtual intermediary agencies, they do not need stores, decorating, and the display of goods on the s helves, attendants and so on. It leads the costs of their products to be cheaper. Therefore, their price is lower that the products price in the traditional stores. It is also an advantage that can attract more consumers.Disadvantages1) A overleap of Feeling and Human CommunicationIn traditional shopping, consumers judge and choose products through looking, hearing, smelling, touching and other sensor. But in the process of online shopping, it only offers two waysto look or hear. For a number of people, the feeling of shopping is a social practice and a kind of social contact with the opportunity to bang a kind (Christopher, 2005). Online shopping has lost the fun of wandering the streets, meanwhile, the fun of shopping process will greatly discounted.2Lack of Psychological contentmentIn traditional shopping, as the relationship between population, people like to display their personality and life situation in costume and make-up to have intercourse and appreciate other peoples envy. In the way of online shopping, no one know the consumers appearance, dress, wealth, so that shoppings psychological satisfaction can not be attained.3) The Limited orbital cavity of ApplicationAlthough in theory, any product can be on-line transactions, in actual operation, there is still not suitable for many products sales. This involves products attributes and characteristics. Some products are easy to be damaged in the process of transportation. For these products, consumers would not purchase online.2.2.3 Online Shopping Development in ChinaWith the application of Internet, online shopping step by step becomes one of online activities for Chinese. The online shopping development in China can be divided into four stages, including flush stage, growth stage, rapid developing stage and maturity stage.Flush StageBefore 1999, the prophets of Chinese Internet began to establish the B2C websites, which contributed to promote the online shopping. However, this action was questio ned by the economic field at that time. The questions were sourced from three aspects. Firstly, economic filed conceit there were no enough consumers to select the online shopping. It was investigated that the Internet users only reached 8.9 million till 2000 in China and most of people have not formed the habit of online shopping. Therefore, many economists thought the online shopping would not have large market in China. Secondly, they believed that online shopping could not authorise the logistics problem at that time. The online shopping requires national logistics distribution system. But the express industry in China before 1999 was just in a starting stage. Thirdly, online shopping could not solve the Internet payment problems. Before 1999, Chinese were used to cash transactions and did not form the habit of bank card. As a result, online shopping was authentically difficult to develop in China before 1999.Growth StageThe growth stage lasted from 2003 to 2005. In 2003, SAR S shocked China seriously. However, SARS explored a new era of online shopping in China. Attacked by SARS, most people trapped in the house. If they wanted to go out to buy things, they needed to affirm on the network. Even people with a strong sense against online shopping began to try.Then more and more people realized the convenience of online ordering, home delivery. (Frieden, 2006) At the same time, more and more people would like to accept online shopping.After SARS in 2003, consumers in China increasingly participated in online shopping.Online shopping business has gradually established the market in China and entered into the growth phase.Rapid Developing StageThis stage lasted from 2006 to 2007. Going through the growth stage, online shopping in China entered into the rapid developing phase. Many people experienced the online shopping and the entire e-commerce environment was broke. After 1999, some problems related to the online shipping were improved continuously, includ ing the logistics distribution, payment and so on. In 2006, logistics distribution system was already mature and became a critical role in the Chinese online shopping. The online payment also made the large advancement. The third party payment tool could ensure the payment safety of consumers. During this time, the original stumbling block to online shopping did not exist. (Miller, 2002) According to the official statistics, in 2006, the market size of online shopping in China reached over RMB 20 billion. 2007 is the year when online shopping developed the most rapid. In 2007, the market size of B2C online shopping achieved RMB 4.3billion. Meanwhile, the market size of B2B online shopping reached RMB 51.8 billion. Above statistics meant the online shopping in China has been very optimistic from 2006 to 2007.Maturity StageSince 2008, the online shopping entered into a maturity stage. With the promotion of prodigious Games, the online market kept 95% of increasing rate. From 2008 to now, the online shopping is in a stable increasing process. In the future five years, the market size of online shopping will expand stable.2.3 Consumer style2.3.1 Introduction2.3.2 Characteristics of Consumer Behavior2.3.3 Factors that Impact on Consumer Behavior2.4 Cultural Factor2.4.1 Introduction2.4.2 How Cultural Factors impact on Consumer Behavior

Studies Related To Dementia And Caregivers Burden Nursing Essay

Studies Related To Dementia And Caregivers accuse Nursing EssayThe literature review was found on extensive survey of books, journals and international nursing studies. A review of literature relevant to the make was undertaken which helped the investigator to develop insight into the problem and pull in information on what has been done in the past. An extensive review of literature was done by the investigator to lay a broad foundation for the speculate and a conceptual framework based on Wiedenbachs Helping Art Clinical Nursing Theory to proceed with the study under the following headings.For the end of logical sequence the chapter was divided into the following sections2.1 Section A Studies related to lunacy and caregivers core assort of clients with frenzy.2.2 Section B Studies related to psychological interventions on train of buck among caregivers of clients with dementia.SECTION A STUDIES RELATED TO DEMENTIA AND CAREGIVERS BURDENHarrison BE (2012) conducted a study to identify the evidence of factors influencing dementia related caregivers burden. 565 caregivers participated who were selected by nonrandom ingest proficiency. Caregivers Interview enumeration were given to the caregivers of clients with dementia. The findings of the study revealed that, many factors influence the impact of the caregiving experience such as gender, relationship to the patient, culture and personal characteristics.Hepworth JT (2012) conducted a crossway - sectional study on burden experienced by caregivers of clients with dementia in Taiwan. 150 caregivers were participated from outpatient clinics of three hospitals by convenience sampling technique. The Caregiver perfume Inventory and Cost of Care Index exfoliation were used to quantify the caregiver burden. The findings of the study revealed that 62% of caregivers had extravagantly take of burden.Rosenheck R (2012) conducted a cross sectional study on caregiver burden in dementia. 421 ambulatory outpa tients with a diagnosis of dementia, those caregivers were participated as sample who were selected by convenient sampling technique. Burden Interview, caregiver distress home plate, The Beck belief Inventory exfoliations were administered. The findings of the study revealed that 80% of caregivers had severe behavioural disturbances, and psychiatric symptoms.Scheltens P (2012) conducted a epidemiological study on identifying a target group depressive disorder among caregivers of clients with dementia in Netherland. 725 caregivers participated who were selected by convenient sampling technique. Depression scale was administered to the caregivers. The findings of the study revealed that 72% caregivers had subjoind risk for depression and psychological distress.Steven H. Zarit (2012) conducted a longitudinal study to appraise the subjective burden of husbands and wives in the care of clients with dementia. 1585 caregivers participated and selected by convenient sampling technique. Zarit Burden estimation measure was administered to caregivers of clients with dementia. The findings of the study revealed that among spouses, 65% of wives are having more burden than husbands.Christofoletti G (2011) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the neuropsychiatric disturbance of caregivers of clients with dementia and moral burden of their caregivers. 59 caregivers participated .Semi structured Burdren Interview Scale was used to assess the data. The result of the study revealed that 40% of caregivers had neuropsychiatric disturbance and amiable burden.Papastavrou E (2011) conducted a descriptive study to investigate the burden experienced by families providing care to a relative with dementia in Cyprus. 172 caregivers are participated in the study. at rest sampling technique was used. Data collected by using Burden Interview Scale, Behaviour Memory Problem Checklist, Depression Scale and Ways of Coping Questionnaire. The results showed that 68.02% of caregi vers were extremely burdened and 65% of caregivers exhibited depressive symptoms.Aizcorbeurrozc (2010) conducted a cross sectional study to evaluate the association between caregivers burden and psychological distress and to estimate the prevalence of mental disorder among the caregivers. 40 caregivers participated and assessed by Zarit Burden Scale and GHQ 28 to evaluate psychological distress. Convenient sampling technique was used. The result of the study showed that 80.7% of caregivers had high level of psychological distress.Ebenezer E, Prince MJ (2010) conducted a cross sectional study to examine selected factors of dementia patients and their caregivers that were associated with the burden of family caregivers. 225 caregivers participated in the study. Participants were selected by convenient sampling. Zarit Burden Interview Schedule was used to bank bill the caregivers burden. The result of the study showed that 78% of caregivers had high level of burdened because of in formal support and ethnicity.Rinaldi P (2010) conducted a cross sectional study to investigate the burden perceived by caregivers of clients with dementia in different aspects of caregivers life and caregivers characteristics on its difference dimension in Italy. 419 caregivers participated. Caregivers burden inventory scale was used to quantify burden. The findings revealed that 80% of caregivers experienced that high level of fear and depression.Rothkopf M (2010) conducted a descriptive study to assess the distress and burden associated with tranquillity disturbance in dementia caregiver. 60 female caregivers participated through convenient sampling technique. Actigraphic Sleep Parameter and Burden Interview Schedule was used to measure the sleep and level of burden. The result of the study revealed that 98% of caregivers had depressive symptoms associated with poorer sleep efficiency.Williams C (2010) conducted a descriptive cor comparative study to identify the factors within marital relationships that increase risk of burden and depression in USA. 5 men and 11 women caregivers of clients with dementia participated. Zarit Burden Interview Schedule was used to measure the caregivers burden. The results showed that 74 % of spouses caregivers were saddle and had depression.Anderson S (2009) conducted a cross-sectional study to examine association between caregivers burden and perceived health among caregivers of clients with dementia living at home in Netherland. 2238 samples participated. Caregivers Burden Scale was used to collect the data. The findings of the study revealed that the 84% of caregivers experienced moderate burden associated with isolation, disappointment and emotional involvement with perceived health.Elmstnhl S (2008) conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the financial burden and psychological distress among caregivers of clients with dementia in Sweden. 50 caregivers were participated. Burden Interview Schedule was used to assess the economic and social conditions. The study revealed that caregivers experienced total burden, strain and disappointment because of low income that leads to higher degree of burden.SECTION B STUDIES RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ON LEVEL OF BURDEN AMONG CAREGIVERS OF CLIENTS WITH DEMENTIA.Hauck WW (2011) conducted a prospective study to assess the Tailored Activity course of instruction to reduce caregivers burden of clients with dementia. 60 caregivers were participated. Tailored Activity Program was given as an intervention for 4 months to reduce the caregivers burden. Zarit Burden Interview Schedule was used to assess the burden level. The findings of the study revealed that Tailored Activity platform reduce the depression and anxiety among caregivers of dementia clients.Guetin S (2011) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the impact of music therapy on depression for caregivers of clients with dementia. 286 caregivers were participated. Hamilton Depression and solicitude Scale, Zarit Burden Scale was used to assess the depression and burden level of caregivers of clients with dementia. 44 session music therapy was given to the caregivers. The findings of the study revealed that music therapy was trim back 80% of caregivers anxiety and depression.Jerimia Heinik (2011) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the effectiveness of recreational activities on level of burden among caregivers of relatives with dementia. 286 caregivers were participated. Zarit Burden Scale, Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scale was used to assess the level of burden. Recreational activities were given for 5 months. The findings of the study revealed that recreational activities reduced 75% of level of burden among caregivers of clients with dementia.Sinder T (2010) conducted a cross sectional study to identify the effects on deep breathing exercise to reduce the level of burden among caregivers of clients with dementia in Taiwan. 465 caregivers partic ipated. Convenient Sampling Technique was used. Deep breathing exercise was given to the caregivers of clients with dementia for 3 months. The findings of the study revealed that deep breathing exercise reduced the anxiety, anger among caregivers of clients with dementia.Philip D (2009) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the effectiveness of recreational activities on level of burden experienced by caregivers of clients with dementia in Europe. 238 samples participated in this study. Zarit Burden Interview, Burden appraisal Scale was used to identify burden. Painting, drawing was given as recreational activities for 12 weeks. The findings of the study revealed that 84 % of burden level was reduced for caregivers of clients with dementia with the help of recreational activities.Chandragupta and Bhola (2008) conducted a meta analysis studies to find the effectiveness of support groups for caregivers of dementic patients to reduce the burden and psychological well being. 521 caregivers participated. Burden Assessment Scale was used. Purposive sampling technique was used.The result indicated that support group helps to reduce the depression, anxiety and it improves the psychological well being.Graff ST (2008) conducted a longitudinal study to assess the effectiveness of community based occupational therapy on level of burden among caregivers of clients with dementia in France. 10 sessions of occupation therapy was given for 5 weeks. Caregiver burden was assessed with Zarit Burden Interview Schedule. 400 samples participated in this study. The findings of the study revealed that occupational therapy reduced 60 % of level of burden among caregivers of client with dementia.Naresh R, et al., (2007) conducted a longitudinal study on self efficacy for managing dementia and reduce the level of burden and depression among dementia caregivers. 84 caregivers participated. Zarit Burden Interview Schedule was used. Convenient sampling technique was used. The resul t revealed that self efficacy is used to alleviate the symptoms of burden and depression among caregivers of clients with dementia.Mittelman M (2007) conducted a longitudinal study to assess the effectiveness of family meetings to prevent of anxiety and depressive symptoms among caregivers of clients with dementia. 420 caregivers participated. Caregivers Burden Assessment Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Depression Scale were used to collect the data. The findings of the study showed that family meetings help to reduce the anxiety and depressive symptoms among 75% of caregivers of clients with dementia.Stella et al., (2007) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the effectiveness of physical activity on the level of mental burden among caregivers of clients with dementia. Convenience sampling technique was used. 245 caregivers participated. Burden Assessment Scale was used. The results revealed that the regular practice of physical activity reduce the burden of the caregivers of dement ia patients.Gerentol GZ (2006) conducted a longitudinal study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching political platform on activities of daily living on care of clients with dementia. 425 caregivers participated. Burden Assessment Scale was used to collect the data. Convenient sampling technique was used. The findings of the study showed that think activities of daily living for dementia clients reduces the level of burden, depression and anxiety among caregivers of clients with dementia.Cantent C (2005) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the effectiveness of self group on level of burden among caregivers of clients with dementia. 425 caregivers participated. Zarit Burden Assessment Schedule was used to collect the data. Convenient Sampling Techinique was used.The findings of the study revealed tha self group reduces the level of burden among 65% of caregivers of clients with dementia.Pahlavandeh S (2005) conducted a study on effectiveness of family education program on caregiver burden of dementia clients. 560 caregivers participated. Zarit Burden Assessment Scale was used in this study. The findings of the study revealed that family education program reduces the level of burden among 60% of caregivers of clients with dementia.Kuskowski MA and Kirk LN (2005) conducted a exploratory study to examine the personal and relational impact on caregiving wives. Supportive group therapy was applied as a intervention. 115 female spouse caregivers participated. Convenient sampling technique was used. Burden Assessment Scale was used in this study. The findings of the study was revealed that supportive group therapy enhance the caregivers sense of personal mastery and it help to reduce the negative effects of caregivers of dementia clients.Tuokko H (2005) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the effectiveness of educational training program on reducing the level of burden among caregivers of clients with dementia in Lucknow. 526 caregivers participated. Burden Assessment Scale was used in this study. The findings of the study revealed that educational training programme brought awareness among caregivers and it helped to reduce the overburden and depression among 60% of caregivers of clients with dementia.

1914-1995 :: essays research papers

Benchmark D Connect developments related to World War I with the onset of World War II.Grade Nine20th Century Conflict7.Analyze the causes and effects of World War I with emphasis ona.Militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and alliancesb.The global scope, outcomes and human costs of the warc.The role of new technologies and practices including the use of poison gas, trench warfare, machine guns, airplanes, submarines and tanksd.The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.World War I was triggered by the archduke and archduchess of Austria-Hungry. The assassination triggered alliances and declarations of war between European nations. The mix of militarism (which meant that the European countries were cocky because of so galore(postnominal) new weapons and technological advances and thought they could not lose), patriotism (which is extreme pride in a groups country), Imperialism (when countries wanted to expand there power), and Alliances (agreements between countries saying t hat they have there back). The main scrap happened at the western front and the eastern front. The western front consisted of France, Belgium, and Netherlands. The Eastern front consisted of Prussia, Poland, and Russia. There has been numbers suggesting that there were as much as 8 million military deaths and 6.6 million civilian deaths. The approximate cost in todays money is about $2.8 trillion. As I mentioned in the beginning the new technology and tactics made countries cocky, these new weapons and tactics also hurt countries too. A perfect example is trench warfare. Trench warfare caused many people to die because of the many dieses that were consumed by the soldiers from being in them for so long. The machines guns were newly created and many did not understand the workings of such weapons. There were ally and central powers, the allies consisted of Britain, France, Belgium, Russia, Italy, and the U.S. The Central powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and O ttoman Empire/Turkey. On November 11, 1918 the Treaty of Versailles was signed and ended the war. The Treaty of Versailles caused many penalties on the central powers, which in expound would help lead to World War II. 8.Analyze the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution includinga.The lack of economic, political and social reforms under the tsarsb.The impact of World War 1c.The emergence of Lenin, Stalin and the Bolsheviksd.The rise of communism in Russia.In 1917 Russia had a revolution that changed the relations that Russia and the U.S. had. When WWI began the king of Russia, Nicholas the II put lots of money into the war.

A History of the Overture and its Use in the Wind Band: An Annotated Gu

A History of the Overture and its Use in the Wind gang The term overture is be defined as a switch of music of moderate length, either introducing a dramatic work or intended for concert performance (Sadie, 1980). It may be a whizz or multi-movement composition preceding an opera, ballet or oratorio a single movement prelude to a non-musical dramatic work or a single movement concert piece detached from its original context intended to be performed alone (Peyser, 1986). The overture grew out of 17th century baroque dramatic works which began with either a French ouverture, the word from which the term is derived, or an Italian overture (Sadie, 1980). Composers such as Lully, Purcell and Handel used the French overture which is in two sections, each marked with a repeat. The French overture begins with a slow homophonic section frequently using dotted rhythms often destruction on a half cadence and then moves to a faster fugal or quasi-fugal section which usually makes a return to the slow tread and rhythms of the first section (Stolba, 1998). The Italian overture, or sinfonia as it was sometimes called, was written in three movements which are fast-slow-fast in launch, the finale often written in a dance like character (Peyser, 1986). By the eighteenth century, this type of overture prevailed for operas even in France with the first movement becoming longer and more elaborate. Sonata form was generally used and a slow introduction would often begin the work (Sadie, 1980). Due to the loose terminology of the eighteenth century, symphonies and suites were sometimes called overtures (Peyser, 1986). The slow-fast-slow alternation of tempos foreshadowed the order of movements in the Classical symphony, lacking only the menue... ..., Volume 2. Chicago, IL GIA Publications, Inc. National Band Association (1997) Selective Music List for Bands 4th Edition. Nashville, TN National Band Association. Peyser, J. (1986) The Orchestra Origins and Transformations. New York Charles Scribners and Sons. Sadie, S. (1980) New Grove Dictionary for Music and Musicians. London MacMillian. Smith, N & Stoutamire, A. (1989) Band Music Notes. Lake Charles, LA Program Note Press. Stolba, M. K. (1998) The Development of westerly Music, A History, Third Edition. Boston, MA McGraw Hill Stone, S. (1999) Charles Carters Symphonic Overture. The Instrumentalist, 54, 36, 38, 40, 42. Turner, D. L. (1990) Conductors Choice Annotated Selective Music List for Band Greenville, SC bobfloat Jones University Press. http//www.grovemusic.com/grovemusic//article/section/4/407/40774.3.5.html